Manufacturer Model PC Project

Question: Describe about the Manufacturer Model PC Project? Answer: First Part Item Manufacturer/Model Quantity Price/Item Total Cost Hard Disc (memory) CORSAIR Vengeance 4GB DDR3 SODIMM 1600 3 $48.99 $146.97 Ram Corsair Vengeance 8GB DDR3 RAM 4 $25.5 $102.00 CD Rom 12cm is the disc size playing time 80 minutes, and audio is 2,352 bytes/ block, CD ROM mode 2 is 840,960,000 bytes. 3 $20 $60.00 Processor Intel core i3-4170T 3 $35 $105.00 Printer and scanner Cannon Pixma Ink Efficient 3 $24 $72.00 Optical Mouse Rapoo optical mouse 3 $5 $15.00 SD card 32 GB sand disc SD card for the computer 3 $5 $15.00 Mother Board Intel G41 combo motherboard with the DDR3 RAM 3 $25 $75.00 Keyboard Genius key board 3 $8 $24.00 Monitor LG 23 inch monitor 3 $70 $210.00 DVD drive Sony SATA DVD drive 3 $16.5 $49.50 Graphics Card 4 GB graphics card of NVIDIA 3 $7.5 $22.50 Operating system Windows 8.1 Version 3 $50 $150 Antivirus Quick heal Total security antivirus 3 $17.99 $53.97 Router Router of D-link wireless N150 model 1 $19.99 $19.99 Internet connection Broad band connection 1 $500 $500.00 speaker Sony speaker 3 $20 $60.00 External Hard disc Seagate external hard disc of 1 TB 3 $95.99 $287.97 Head phone Frontech head phone 3 $5.99 $17.97 Total Price $1986.87 Justification Part In this justification part this is clearly seen that the price is much less, with in this price maximum of requirement are almost fulfill. So this is the big advantage of it. In this part I include the 4GB CORSAIR Vengeance DDR3 SODIMM of 1600 the quantity of this particular memory is three and as well as each of the cost are $ 48.99 so, the total cost is going to be $146.97. Then as per the requirement of high speed four eight GB DDR3 RAM is required. Thats why I purchased Corsair Vengeance 8GB DDR3 RAM that is within the price also it can easily complete the desired goal. As per the customer requirement he also want to watch the recorded as well as live program so the desktop screen need to be slightly bigger than a general monitor size. Thats why I purchased LG 23inch monitor at the rate of 70 dollar each, and then also must to have the SD card, so I purchased a SD card of Sand disc of 32 GB for the computer only at the cost of 5 dollar each, and also must to have the high speed p rocessor thats why I chose the new model of the Intel I-core 3 model number of 4170T total three contain is needed and each of them are costing at the rate of 35 dollar. So this is the minimum number of requirement to watch a online movie or to watch the LIVE movie. Another important thing is the Client want to Upload, scan, edit and print the Photograph. So in this context this is clearly seen that the basic need for this context is the scanner and printer combined. So, I chose cannon Pixma Ink efficient, total requirement of this type of printer and scanner is three, and each of the printer and scanner is cost only twenty four dollar. This is the very low price. The most important thing is the internet, this is the key thing, and without internet nothing can happen so, in this internet connection have to be very well and always running manner, thats why I have to most concentrate about this thing. In this internet connection context I have spend most of the money. I have spent fiv e hundred dollar, for the customer satisfaction. Because of the requirement of the customer is highly depending upon the internet connection. And also I have spent 19.99 dollar for the router. The router which I chose is the D link router of the N150 wireless model. In the context of listening the high quality speaker is needed thats why I chose for the Sony speaker each of the sonny speaker cost 20 dollar. For the recording purpose I chose a one TB external hard disc, each of the one TB hard disc cost is approx of ninth six dollar. And in general context, I chose to purchase an optical mouse the cost of this optical mouse is five dollar each, and key board of Genius Company, each of the keyboard cost is only eight dollar. The mother board which I chose for this purpose is the INTEL mother board, the model number of this kinds of mother board is INTEL G41 combo mother board with provision for the RAM of DDR3. DVD drive which I chose is the SATA DVD drive of the SONY Company. The CD Rom which I used for this computer is the disc size of 12 cm, and the time for playing is 80 minutes with addition of audio is 2,352 bytes/ block, the mode of CD- Rom 2 is 840, 960, 000 bytes. The speaker which I include to this context is Sony speaker, each of the cost of 20 dollar each. Then the inclusion of Frontech head phone, each cost is 5.99 dollar. Then came to the most important thing that is the operating system of the computer, windows 8.1 is the most secure operating system in this context of scenario, windows 8.1 is also very easy to handle. It has several features that can help the users that is why I chose windows 8.1. So in the above section this is clearly seen that the all the features that I include is mandatory to use for the achieving the ultimate goal. And also the most important thing is that customer has a peace of his mind that to not have the worry about the Virus, or spyware or malware getting into his computer. Reference list August 2013 Warmest since 2004 and driest since 2007. (2013). Weather, 68(10), p.i-iv. Gadomski, A., Wissow, L., Palinkas, L., Hoagwood, K., Daly, J. and Kaye, D. (2014). Encouraging and sustaining integration of child mental health into primary care: interviews with primary care providers participating in Project TEACH (CAPES and CAP PC) in NY. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36(6), pp.555-562. McKinnon, I., Srivastava, S., Kaler, G. and Grubin, D. (2013). Screening for psychiatric morbidity in police custody: results from the HELP-PC project. The Psychiatrist, 37(12), pp.389-394. Memisoglu, G. and Varlikli, C. (2015). Conventional and Inverted UV-PDs Based on Solution Processed PFE:ZnO Active Layer. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 27(5), pp.537-540. Montaser, A. and Moselhi, O. (2012). 4D and Tablet PC for progress reporting. Gerontechnology, 11(2). Ni, Y., Ding, L., Hu, Q. and Hua, Z. (2014). Potential biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma: Proteomics discovery and clinical validation. Prot. Clin. Appl., 9(1-2), pp.86-97. Ni, Y., Ding, L., Zhang, D., Hou, Y., Huang, X. and Hu, Q. (2015). Distinct expression patterns of Toll-like receptor 7 in tumour cells and fibroblast-like cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology, p.n/a-n/a. Shin, W. and Son, C. (2014). Analyzing of the Construction Standard Production Unit(CSPU) and Developing of the Simulation Model on PC Project. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure and Construction, 30(4), pp.59-66.

Knowledge Management With Social Media †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Knowledge Management With Social Media. Answer: Introduction With the modernization of the Global network and the rise of multinational organizations saw the need for competition to prove one as the most reliable and the best. To add further advantages to these Multinational companies, social media plays a vital role in the disseminating of the promotion and the information as well as knowledge sharing, related to these MNCs. Social media like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn has proven themselves as one of the essential tools of knowledge gathering andmanagement (Fuchs 2017). This essay deals with the importance of the social networking and the social platforms in terms of the knowledge management, knowledge sharing, building social capital along with supporting innovations, aiding in the solving of problems, the risk and the benefits of adopting such methodologies in managing MNCs and Small or Medium sized enterprises (SMEs). This essay helps in understanding and analyzing the risks and the benefits of using social media as well as it contribution in the MNCs and the SMEs. Social Media and Knowledge Management In the modernized world, many MNCs have begun the use of Social media as one of the vital strategic tools to support and enable the participation as well as the purpose of knowledge sharing with an objective of strategically expanding the business and its operations (Chua, Alton, and Snehasish 2013). The main concepts of the SECI model, which are fundamental in the management of knowledge, are Socializing and Combination (Mariussen, ge and Seija 2013). In this context it can be explained that the social media enables the employees to use the social media to help them enhance their internal knowledge, understand the relationship between the significance and the deficits related to the knowledge (Razmerita et al. 2014). Social media possesses the potential that facilitates the implicit knowledge sharing that can be useful in understanding and manipulating the business models. Top Singaporean MNCs like NDIVIA and SingTel encourages the use of Social media for the purpose of Knowledge ma nagement. Social Media and Knowledge Sharing Knowledge is an essential element of an organizations resources, which is frequently considered as one of the most vital assets that a firm possesses. Knowledge has been consistently considered as the foundation of a firms competitive advantage and one of the prime drivers of the firms value in the Global network (Couldry 2012). Social media supplies and contributes different types of knowledge as well the overall quality of the knowledge base which can directly or indirectly affect and impact the different categories of the knowledge such as structural knowledge, relational and social capital. The three important characteristics of social media is to enhance or stimulate the learning process. The first characteristic of social media is to help provide the employees in a MNC the opportunities to create their own material or content and share them freely with others. Social media ensures the accessibility of implicit knowledge that can be helpful in the learning process. Social media encourages the established relationships, since strong relationships are important in making the tacit knowledge explicit and weak relationships gives the opportunity to investigate, gather new knowledge and use them. Social media offers the opportunity for a face-to-face interaction that can be synchronized simultaneously with the exchange of learning or knowledge between individuals. In a manner, it can be considered that there is a reciprocal relation between the purpose and the use of social media as well as the degree of knowledge sharing as well as tacit learning within the organization. It can be considered that if many people in an MNC share their knowledge, they will be more inclined to share this knowledge through social media and portals than employees who have little knowledge sharing. Employees who use the social media more often to accomplish their learning objectives and gathering knowledge are more likely to share knowledge through the same medium, in general. The active sharing of knowledge does not only depend on the employees or the individual but it depends on the organization itself as well. In a sense, multinational companies which establishes that their learning no more longer corresponds to the challenges that the organizational culture or workplace environment offers, it adopts the method of reorientation of the organizational culture and the structure to facilitate the sharing of the knowledge to help on better learning and corresponding to the challenges in a new manner. Multinational companies in the current scenario allows the employees a convenient and affordable medium of communication to keep the flowing of the ideas and knowledge (Treem, Jeffrey and Paul 2013) MNCS like ORACLE and KINDLE uses the entire SECI model for the purpose of knowledge sharing, which involves the Socializing, Externalization, Combination and the Internalization (refer to Appendix 1). This model is usually followed in the knowledge creation or gathering process. In terms of organization performance, this model involves the gathering of relevant knowledge from the external source, externalization focus on the action of linking the knowledge and creating new knowledge. The combination, which refers to the process of transforming the knowledge by gathering of the knowledge to give it a form of a constructive learning and the internalization, refers to the application of the knowledge in practical sphere, which in turn broadens the spiral of the knowledge creation (Mariussen, ge and Seija 2013). Social Media and Building Social Capital In the increasingly competitive world, the essence of knowledge gathering and building social capital ensures the multinational organizations to achieve higher competitive advantages and thrive well in the market. The competition comes in form of various ways, which could be either in form of introducing a new piece of technology or investment in the research and the development (Leftheriotis and Michail 2014). Social capital is referred to the functions of network relationships between an individual and one or more social interaction groups. In terms of sociology, social capital is more commonly refers to the capability of the group members to get the things done, whether be it raising funds for a charity, selling some new product or hiring a new member for the organization. In terms of building the social capital trust and generalized helping along with the social norms builds up the social capital. Within the MNCs, the social capital is considered as the belonging to the individuals or small groups who utilize this capital in order to accomplish their objectives. For instance, employees who help in promoting the innovations within a company are considered to accomplish this task through effective utilization of social capital. With reference to the social capital, the MNCs encourages its employees to acquire social capital through actions within the organization, such as supporting members of the organization, providing valuable resources to the organization, such as information or time, or through building friendships within the group which could be influential in solving complicated issues and concerns. Major Multinational Corporations like MEC and Sky scanner, uses the socializing, combination and the internalization concepts of the SECI model that in turn utilizes the social media and other online platforms to generate the social capital. This is achieved by the operation of social and other business blogs that provide important information or tools generously to the targeted community, through the engagement or other activities that are considered benefiting for the community (Mariussen, ge and Seija 2013).. MNCs use this social capital to help spread their message such as through ReTweets, Likes and Shares that create a positive outlook of their brand that ultimately influences the society encouraging them to go for the products which eventually amplifies the sales and the business (Scott 2015). Social Media and Supporting Innovation The concept of Knowledge Management has earned more prominence in the recent years with the emergence of the global market (Arukhe 2014). Companies that adopt KM at an early stage are advantaged with an edge over other companies that are late. However, implementing KM is not enough to guarantee a companys success. Organizations must integrate a set of abilities to capitalize on the use of knowledge, which in turn can be influenced to create new knowledge (Panahi et al. 2012). One of the best ways to share and manage knowledge could be the integration of the SECI model of knowledge creation introduced by Nonaka and Takeuchi in 1995 (Appendix 1). It comprises four phase of knowledge creation. Multinational companies are the leading entities that promote technological innovation. These companies dominate the global market and innovation in particular. The bulk of their investment is targeted on research and development for technological innovation. The social media thus becomes a handy tool for MNCs to enhance innovation and expand business. The social media is the emerging technology that creates its own content, collectively editing, sharing and arranging information and allowing peer-to-peer deliberations. It is in these features of vigor and coetaneous content that perfectly suits knowledge sharing. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest and many more sites are there that boast of a huge number of followers (Scuotto et al. 2017). These followers are the potential customers of the MNCs that can be targeted. It has been revealed through various studies and surveys that MNCs using social media have a higher rate of success than those not using it. It is however, also true that almost every company is utilizing the potential of the social media to expand business. The point of difference between the success and failure is the way social media is managed. A great presence of multinational companies is there in Singapore that has established themselves in the market with the use of social media ("How Singapore Firms Use Social Media To Boost Productivity" 2017). Ego Pharmaceuticals and Ernst Singapore for example, are such companies that have earned good success by the smart use of social media to support and promote innovation. Social Media and Aiding Problem Solving A company goes through various problems that include legal, ethical or other such problems. Blending the SECI model and social media can assist the companies in managing their problems in an easy and quick manner. The first phase of the model is socialization, which refers to the creation of tacit or implicit knowledge through direct sharing of experience. In the context of multinational companies, socialization may refer to the general information received through social networking platforms where numerous users post their opinions (Sashi 2012). This information or knowledge is then passed on to the second phase, which is externalization. Here, the managers of the companies process the implicit knowledge gather further knowledge from external sources such as other companies through Facebook forums or Twitter hash tags to know how those companies tackle with problems and try to combine it with the implicit knowledge thus forming a new knowledge. In the third phase, which is combination, companies organize the implicit and explicit knowledge systematically and implement it on an experimental level to analyze if it is feasible to solve problems. Lastly, in the internalization phase, MNCs learn a bout the strategies and plans proposed by the internal elements that is the employees, to solve the problem facing them (Treem, Jeffrey and Leonardi et al. 2013). Through social groups on apps like WhatsApp or on company groups formed on Facebook, employees together discuss the possible reasons and causes of the problem, examine the implicit and explicit knowledge and then propose a concrete solution. Instances from Singapores stiff market competition and the way certain companies made use of the social media to its full potential prove the effectiveness of the medium. Wacoal Singapore, a lingerie company faced problems when in 2012, the government introduced stricter laws related to lingerie ads in public places. The company launched a campaign on Facebook for iPant, one of its many products that offered good deals to users who clicked through ads on Facebook. This resulted in the rise of fans and customers of the company and that too at a low cost. Another company used similar tactics to resolve issues related to the problem of stiff competition in the market. Home-Fix Singapore, a home solution provider reinvented its plan to go ahead in the race and created a Facebook page with maximized contents. The page had information about simple tricks through which customers can easily maintain their homes without expending heavily on repairs. The result was that the company extended its business and opened Home-fix Experience Center that held workshops and activities related to home solutions ("How Singapore Firms Use Social Media To Boost Productivity" 2017). Risks and Benefits of Social Media: Risks Social media are vulnerable to hacking and employees of any company can be hacked because of their trust on members of a particular group on social media. Fraudulent activities also pose a threat to the use of social media for business Abiding by the privacy laws, ownership of the content, intellectual assets violation and unlawful activities like harassment, denigration and discrimination are some of the legal risks that social media pose to companies ("Forbes Welcome" 2017). Other risks include data collection, operational risks, reputational risks, cost related risks and so on. Benefits Companies nowadays make use of the social media platform to increase brand value. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn together have users that could add up to the formation of a country. Promoting brands in these platforms thus inevitably enhances recognition ("Forbes Welcome" 2017). Posting an ad or an update in social platform requires minimum cost but ensures maximum effectiveness. The humanization element is another significant advantage of using social media. Brands in social media act like people and interact directly with the customers. Social media also increases brand loyalty as more people recognize the brand and share it with others. Recommendations It can be recommended that MNCs should keep in mind, the diversity of a region where they plan to start and expand their business. They should analyze both aspects of the social media and implement it in a way that ensures positive results. Use of social media keeping mind the concept of SECI to improve not only company-consumer relationship but also boost employee performance must be given prominence. It can also be suggested that the MNCs should target the audience for brand promotion by identifying the social media platform. The channel of communication must also be recognized to expand business in multifarious regions. Conclusion Thus, it is evident from the discussion above that it is crucial for the multinational companies to accept social media tactics for both internal and external communication. Knowledge sharing has never been as dynamic as it has become in the age of virtual socialization. Multinational companies in todays world have the best opportunity to use this platform and connect with people beyond cultures and beyond boundaries. References "Forbes Welcome". 2017.Forbes.Com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/joannabelbey/2015/05/21/protect-your-firm-from-the-13-risks-of-social-media/#29811dc9331e. "Forbes Welcome". 2017.Forbes.Com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jaysondemers/2014/08/11/the-top-10-benefits-of-social-media-marketing/#44f30c1f1f80 "How Singapore Firms Use Social Media To Boost Productivity". 2017.Singapore Business Review. https://sbr.com.sg/economy/commentary/how-singapore-firms-use-social-media-boost-productivity Arukhe, James O. "Knowledge management and organizational transformation: A quantitative study." PhD diss., University of Phoenix, 2014. Chua, Alton YK, and Snehasish Banerjee. "Customer knowledge management via social media: the case of Starbucks."Journal of Knowledge Management17, no. 2 (2013): 237-249. Couldry, Nick.Media, society, world: Social theory and digital media practice. Polity, 2012. Fuchs, Christian.Social media: A critical introduction. Sage, 2017. Leftheriotis, Ioannis, and Michail N. Giannakos. "Using social media for work: Losing your time or improving your work?."Computers in Human Behavior31 (2014): 134-142. Mariussen, ge, and Seija Virkkala, eds.Learning transnational learning. Routledge, 2013. Panahi, Sirous, Jason Watson, and Helen Partridge. "Social media and tacit knowledge sharing: developing a conceptual model."World academy of science, engineering and technology64 (2012): 1095-1102. Razmerita, Liana, Kathrin Kirchner, and Thierry Nabeth. "Social media in organizations: leveraging personal and collective knowledge processes."Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce24, no. 1 (2014): 74-93. Sashi, C. M. "Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media."Management decision50, no. 2 (2012): 253-272. Scott, David Meerman.The new rules of marketing and PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly. John Wiley Sons, 2015. Scuotto, Veronica, Manlio Del Giudice, and Elias G. Carayannis. "The effect of social networking sites and absorptive capacity on SMESinnovation performance."The Journal of Technology Transfer42, no. 2 (2017): 409-424. Seebach, Christoph. "Searching for Answers--Knowledge Exchange through Social Media in Organizations." InSystem Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on, pp. 3908-3917. IEEE, 2012. Treem, Jeffrey W., and Paul M. Leonardi. "Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association."Annals of the International Communication Association36, no. 1 (2013): 143-189.

Smallpox and Different Vaccines free essay sample

Are vaccinations likely to do more harm than good? The risks of common vaccines often exceed their benefits. There are real dangers to vaccines and some parents often feel they have to lie to avoid vaccination of their children. In the world today there are thousands, even millions of different vaccines created on a daily basis. The main function of a vaccination is to build our immune system, allowing it to work against different types of bacteria. Instead of helping us fight against disease and certain infections, it seems the vaccines are actually the leading cause to the disease. Scientists lessen the amount of the disease in the vaccine making it harder to become sick or in other words, obtain the disease. For individuals with little to no immune systems it is still very easy for the vaccine to trigger an infection. This is why children, babies in particular, become very ill sometimes fatal when receiving vaccinations. We will write a custom essay sample on Smallpox and Different Vaccines or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vaccines started back in the ancient times. Edward Jenner, the father of immunology, was the first to ever record a vaccination. Jenner was born on May 17, 1794. At age 5 Edward was orphaned and went to live with his older brother. He developed a strong interest in science and nature during his early school years, which he never let go of. When Jenner was 13 he job shadowed a country surgeon. During his time there Jenner heard a dairymaid say, I shall never have smallpox for I have had cowpox. It was a common belief that dairymaids were in some way protected from smallpox. Jenner developed the first vaccine called the small pox vaccine. He discovered by exposing an individual to cowpox bacteria the body could produce its own protection from the disease once it is exposed. The vaccine became very popular, parents were even fighting for their children to be vaccinated. However, this did not last all that long. Out breaks of small pox began to occur leading to a worldwide banning of the procedure. Small pox is a disease caused by the variola major virus. Experts say that over the centuries it has killed more people than all other ineffectual diseases combined. In the 1800s small pox broke out in Germany. Over one million people had the disease and 120,000 died. Of those people, 96% of them had been vaccinated, and only 4% had not received any type of vaccination. (NBCI) Under the federal vaccine injury compensation program (VCIP), more than 2. 5 billion has been paid to vaccine injured individuals, as well as to families, whose children have died after vaccination in the U. S. A young girl at the age of 15, Jenny Tetlock developed a degenerative muscle disease soon after being vaccinated against the cervical-cancer-causing HPV. Jenny became almost completely paralyzed. Her father Phil Tetlock and mother Barbara Mellers were racing against time to save their daughters life. Sadly time ran out, and Jenny passed away. (CDC) Two other young girls, 22 year old Whitney Baird and 12 year old Alicia Olund developed ALS after being injected with Gardasil. ALS is a disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Whitney died a short 13 months after receiving Gardasil. Alicia began having trouble walking after receiving her third shot. She now uses leg braces and a walker at home as her muscles continue to deteriate. Turns out, warnings concerning these vaccines have been raised before. (CDC) Different vaccines contain different ingredients. These ingredients include, lab altered live or inactivated viruses and bacteria, chemicals, metals, proteins, antibiotics and human, animal and insect DNA and RNA. The worst ingredient by far in vaccines is thermisol. Thermisol is a mercury-containing preservative used in some vaccines. Mercury is a metal that builds up in human bodies over time. These small amounts of mercury (thermisol) accumulate and can eventually lead to mercury poisoning, which can be fatal. Today’s vaccines not only contain live versions of the disease you do not want but also contain GMOS, hormones from infected cows, pigs, chickens, and monkeys. A few ingredients in vaccines also include: gelatin, sodium chloride, formaldehyde, phenoxyethanol, and MSG. Gelatin derived from the inside of animals skin and bones. Sodium Chloride raises blood pressure and inhibits muscle contraction and growth. Formaldehyde is a highly carcinogenic fluid used to embalm corpses. It is ranked one of the most hazardous compounds to human health. Formaldehyde can cause liver damage, gastrointestinal issues, reproductive deformation, respiratory distress and cancer. Phenoxyethanol is a glycol ether/chemical. It is highly toxic to the nervous system such as your kidneys and liver. The FDA warns can cause shut down of the central nervous system, and vomiting. Last but not least we have MSG. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), when injected becomes a neurotoxin causing CNS disorders and brain damage in children. (NVIC) In my very own opinion I do not agree to vaccinations. Injecting my child with a harmful disease is not something I agree upon. Why give yourself, or your children a deathly disease you do not want! Studies have proven more children die from being vaccinated due to bad reactions, or misuse of vaccine. Why put yourself or loved ones at risk when you really do not have to. Society needs to take the situation seriously when deciding whether to fund animal models that claim to be able to predict human responds to drugs and disease. It is more important parents become educated and knowledgeable about immunizations so that they can make an informed choice rather than be manipulated.

The Influence of the Western Culture on the Essay Example

The Influence of the Western Culture on the Essay Example The Influence of the Western Culture on the Essay The Influence of the Western Culture on the Essay Introduction Culture is a broad term which has been described by various philosophers since decades. It has been claimed by Raymond Williams to be â€Å"†¦one of the two or three most complicated words in English language† (Williams, 1976). Different definitions of the term, culture may have distinct descriptive ways and criterion to evaluate human activity. It is important to define the broad base of the sophisticated term ‘culture’, in the sense used later in the paper, to narrow down the discussion on our topic. Culture is a word stemming from a Latin word ‘cultura’ which means to cultivate (Harper, 2008). It is defined by Findley and Rothney as, â€Å"systems of symbols and meanings that even their creator contest, which lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another (Findley Rothney, 2006). This is the defination of culture I would be using here on. The authors describe culture to be a system of symbols having blurred boundries. The curx however is to see how do we recognize these system of symbols? The answer to this question is provided by Williams who says that culture can be judged or embedded in music, literature,lifestyle, painting and sculputure,theater and film and similar things (Williams, 1976). These dimensions are common to all cultures. In the foreface of the rapid globalization and the interaction in the past, these dimensions of various cultures are often influenced by each other. The following Paper discusses the influence of the dimensions of western culture to the respective dimensions of the subcontinental culture and vice versa. The subcontinential culture, is the culture refering to the South Asian region which includes the modern day India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Sirilanka. The major influene on the subcontinental cultrue came first with the arrival of the British in India in the early 1600’s. The British brought with them the rest of Western culture customs and traditions. The traditional religions and cutltures in the subcontinent were slowly subverted. The conversion of people from the prevailent religion in the subcontinent played an important role in the change in the traditional culture. The converts to chiristanity were encouraged not only to give up their religion but also their traditions and cultures. A fine christian convert would dress like an Englishman and imitate English behaviour in all things. Thus the converts to Christanity were buoyant to think behave and live like the Englishmen. The English education system was introducced by the then Governer Generals’ council in Calcutta (East India) 1 The influence of the western culture on the Sub continental culture and vice versa Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800 1859), aimed at producing Indians who were English in taste. This progressive system was implemented all over India providing Western education. To the Sub continent people, this was perceived as much more of an enlightenment than exploitation as more people could go to collages built by foreign rulers. It gave them the aura of becoming more civilized, rational and modern by acquiring the knowledge. This is also one of the reasons of no significant initial resistance to the shift in the cultural values (Sundaram, 2006). This extensive educational programs resulted into well read sub continent scholars and writers. In the late 1800’s the literature started to take its turn and produced much more writings in English by local people than ever before. It also gave birth to notable writers such as Bharati Mukherjee and Jhumpa Lahiri. Globalization of the world has had its influence on the sub continental culture as well. In a modern day scenario people are instantly connected and communicating with each other than ever before. The products produced in one part of the world are easily available in the other part and international traveling has just become a norm. The world is very interdependent today and we are living in an era where information travels like the speed of light. While some people might think that globalization is just about making business without any restrictions, it is much more than that. At the same time Globalization allows different cultures to combine and integrate through having common social activists, labor organizers, journalists, academics and many others (Sundaram, 2006). Music, theater and the film industry has also been broadly influenced by the increased globalization. Music has been a center stone of the sub continental background. It has been traditionaly been based on the simple melodies and is regarded as one of the most well-developed systems of the classical world. The classical beats of the conventional music provide the true cultural and the traditional taste to the sub continental music. Later in the 13th Centruy the sub continental music remained under the influence of the Islamic presence. There is a faction who believes that the classic sub continental traditional music dates back to Amir Khusro, one of the singers in the Mughal Empire. The remarkable poetry by some famous poets brought the traditional music to new hieghts. However the first influence of the sub continental music of such kind was widely evident in the 1960’s when it found its way in the form of some extra ordinary play of the sitar (a voiln type instrument) by Ravi Shankar on the famous Beatles album, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. The sub continental music made its way into the west with the well known players such as Ravi Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan. This was the first time that the Sub continental music started to acquire Western students. The classical music 2 The influence of the western culture on the Sub continental culture and vice versa was brought to the attention of the western world (Manas, 2006). Even today we see traces of the classical sub continental music in the rap songs such as the Indian flute sung by Timbaland. There are other various singers who use the rhythmic Sub continental beats in their music. Ghazals, the poetic compositions that aspire more than do popular film songs to poetic qualities are also very popular among the west: the subject here is usually the loss, memory, and remembrance of love. A prime example of the influence to the west is the famous Ghazal singer Nusrat Fateh Ali khan. He has been the â€Å"king of Qawalis† as he is labeled in Pakistan. Mr. Khan’s popular work (Qawalis/Ghazals) has been a part of international books, series, plays and movies. His famous songs have been played in the famous movie Bend it like Beckham, the TV series Sex and the City and various other international stages. The cultural music of the sub continent has therefore influenced the western cinema and music in a subtle but obvious way (Manas, 2006). This does not end here, the traditional beats of the Punjabi Bhangra dance were/are increasingly being remixed by various south asian Dj’s to add a different intercultureal flavour to the traditional Bhangara. The traditional beats of the bhangra dance are mixed with house, reggae and hip-hop to create a newsensation to the music. These remixes became immesnsely popular in the Uk and the USA by the end of the 90’s. One of the famous bands which resulted in this fusion of cultural music was the Punjabi MC, whose songs are a part of the playlists in almost all the disc clubs in the western society. It is easy to see here how the fusion of the music style in terms of other generes of raggae, Rap or hip-hop attacks the fundamentalism of the sub continental music. By producing such music the artists put the racial signifiers of being essentially sub continental or south asian at risk. Since the bhangra music is a type of music signiying the region of south asia (sub continent), this diffusion of the music with the integration of western elements creates disputes of identity and the ownership of the remixed music. On the other hand however, the remixed veriosn of the bhangra music offers the displaced sub continent people mainly in the USA and the UK a way to express themselves in a western society. This offers them a channel to prove that their remixed version of the bhangra has been an effort through social difficulties and is truly authentic. This does not end here, side by side the influence of the Western Music has also overshadowed the Sub continental musical industry. The Sub continental music has become under increased influence of the western â€Å"rock and pop† culture. This is primarily true for the younger generation who prefer westeren music over the sub continental numbers. The entire process of making music has also been westerenised. The focus now is not on live performances of talent and intruments but more on back stage artificial manipulation of the 3 The influence of the western culture on the Sub continental culture and vice versa sounds which apeal to the changing demands of the new generation (Sabharwal, 2007). According to the Times of India meagazine almost 80 percent of the songs played in the sub continent today are of westeren influence. Aadesh Srivastava, a renowned Indian music director argues that the Indian music has been damaged by the â€Å"cut-copy-paste culture†, whereby the directors copy the theme and the essence of the music to reproduce it with a hint of modification. This â€Å"cut-copy-paste culture† is the reason why we see most of the sub continental music being a sister production of the western music. The traditional and the classical instruments such at the tabla and the harmonium are being substituted by the western invented drums and violins, explains the contemporary musicians like Vineet Arora (Sabharwal, 2007). He further explains the instruments such as the drums and the Violin, â€Å"†¦are easier to operate and learn so we’ve never felt the need to introduce sun continental instruments in our band† (Sabharwal, 2007). The influence of the Western culture to the Sub continental culture is carried forward by the powerful media, films and theater widely active in both regions. Western media culture has created major inroads in the sub continental film industry through Hollywood influencing Bollywood and Lollywood. The sub continent youngsters now are increasingly challenging the traditions and norms of the society. This is the result of the trend of western elements taking part in the Sub continental films, such as Rachel Shelley in Lagaan. The sub continental films are trying to raise their production standards to meet those seen by the western films. There have also been a number of films being shot overseas and adopting English in their scripts. This trend can be clearly seen in the Films such as â€Å"Kal Ho Naa HO†. The film has shown explicitly the influence of the Hollywood has on the sub continent culture. On the other hand the films from the biggest film industry in the world, in terms of the number of movie produced i. e. Bollywood, are attracting great number of non-subcontinent origin viewers around the world, especially in Europe and the USA. As the number of western viewers increase there is an increased number of western investments in the sub continental cinema, especially to produce movies which interpret the sub continental culture for western viewers. Some prime examples of this are the movies such as â€Å"Pride and the prejudice† and â€Å"Monsoon Wedding† produced by foreign investment. The Western symbolic icons such as MTV have been swiftly accepted by the sub continent. An example of a TV series â€Å"Rodies† aired by MTV India is noteworthy. This TV show is an on field series of a contest such as the famous American â€Å"Survivor† series. The western impact has also made it fashionable to wear tight jeans and have ideas such as sex before marriage which have not been portrayed before in the local culture. The concept of 4 The influence of the western culture on the Sub continental culture and vice versa nudity is also creeping into the sub continental film industry. Even though the sub continental films are traditionally based on the romantic story based on the idea of love, the movies in the past have been conservative on showing romantic scenes in the movies. The movies like â€Å"Monsoon Wedding† have changed that perception. Such kinds of films are on the rise and therefore have an influence on the audience of the movies. The other source of western influence to the sub continental culture is from the Non Resident sub continent people; these are people from the sub continental origin who have lived in the West. They have been exposed to the western ideas and culture thoroughly. When Film producers such the Canadian Indian Deepa Metha produce films, they are preoccupied with the western influence. Mr Metha produced a film â€Å"Fire† which showed a lesbian love story. This sort of western influence, even though might be rejected by many of the sub continent population is slowly inching into the film industry and from the film industry to the mainstream sub continental culture (papers, 2005). The lifestyle of the sub continental people is also chaning raidly with the major impetus coming from the westeren sources. A late night walk around the milti million inhabitant city of Bombay, Bangalore or Karachi would ascertian the fact that the lifestyle is drifting from its traditional cultural way of life (Michael, n. d. ). There is a shift of the social life in the sub continent. One can easily observe youndsters mingling openly in the streets and consuming alcahol freely (Michael, n. d. ). The dress code has changed swiftly over the years aswell. Saris (a traditional subcontinental dress) are being replaced with the thight jeans or skirts. The brand conciousnes is common aswell is the fast food culture of Mcdonads and KFC among the masses in the urban areas. The â€Å"Public display of affection (PDA)† as Mr. Kamekish puts it, is common (Kamekish, 2007). One may argue that all this is the trickle down effect from what the media projects to the people. All the latest fashions, trends and lifestyle tips projected through the TV screens ans the cenimas is refelcted in the everyday lifestyle of the urban sub continental people. On the other hand the Western culture is also not far from the sub continental influence. The western lifestyle has also been vastly influenced by the sub continental culture. The golorious influences of the designers industry has kept the western fashion indusry busy. The desginers such as Jean Paul Gautier and Alexander McQueen have vastly included sub continental designs into their collections portfolio. Gautier infact has dedicated a whole collection called the â€Å"Indian Chiaroscuro†, which reflects the traditional designs of the Sub 5 The influence of the western culture on the Sub continental culture and vice versa contienent (Karthik, 2005). The international fashion icons such as Giorgio Amrani, Valentino, Christian Lacroix and Emmanuel Ungaro are getting the services of craftsmen from India to craft their creations with the artistic hand work embroidery to vie in the international market. The other major example of the cultural influence is the famous Pashimina shawls. These pure silk hand knitten pieces of cloth have been a desire of many women around the world. The cultural influence does not end in the clothing industry. The other fashion brands such as Cartier have also been prejudiced by the sub continental culture. The traditional carved coloured stones and the hand work on the precious jewels stemming from the persian and Indian decorative design have been extensively used in the products displayed by Cartier (Karthik, 2005). The influence of the sub continental lifestyle in the fashion industry has cetianly produced some remarkable pieces of art and fashion. Other than this the traditional artefacts produced in the sub continent have been increasingly finding their way into the western homes. The famous Indian poterry and the traditional hand weaven carpets have made huge inroads in the shops around the western world. The cultural influence of the western world in the form of sculpture and architecture has had a long lasting effect on the sub continent. The European colonisits brought the new concept of the western sculuptural art to india. They were very affluent in the Neo-classical, Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance style of sturctural design. The initial sturctures built by the colonists were warehouses and walled trading posts aswell as forted townships along the costline (India Net Zone, n. d. ). The St. Francis Church, built by Portuguese in 1510, is regarded as the first church built by Europeans in India. The Portuguese were first to built the forts like Castella De Aguanda near Mumbai. They added fortification to the Bassein fort built by Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujrat, in 1532 AD (India Net Zone, n. d. ). The sub continent architecture also can be seen having some Danish influence as well; the Nagapatnam church in the state of Tamil Nadu in India is the clear evidence of this. Similarly the French influence can be noticed in the Eglise De Sacre Coeur De Jesus or the Church of Sacred Heart of Jesus, the Eglise De Notre Dame de Anges and the Eglise de Notre Dame De Lourdes at Pondicherry. However the impact of the British on the architectural culture of the sub continent was the greatest. They started off by building mainly factories for business purposes but soon they started building courts, schools, municipal buildings and Dak Bungalows, which were normal buildings built by army engineers. The most well known architects of that time designed and constructed buildings all over the sub continent. Many of the structures erected were a derivative of the famous buildings in London and other places in England. For example, the 6 The influence of the western culture on the Sub continental culture and vice versa church of St. John at Calcutta, built in 1787 was a replication of the St. Stephens Church at Walbrooks, the Government House in Calcutta, built by Captain Charles Wyatt was re-sculpted on the Kedleston Hall of Derbyshire, the Indian Government Mint in Calcutta was a semi- replica of the Temple of Minerva at Athens and the Pachaiyappa`s Hall in Chennai was the duplication of the Athenium Temple of Theseus (India Net Zone, n. d. ). The Neo-Gothic style of architecture was also evident under the British rule. The Secretariat, University Library, Rajabai Tower, Telegraph Office all adopted the Victorian Gothic style, similar to buildings in London† (India Net Zone, n. d. ). Another noteworthy piece of architecture is the St. Martin`s Garrison Church in Delhi which is considered as zenith of the British architectural ventures in the sub continent and the Victoria Terminus in Bombay (Mumbai), designed by architect Frederick William Stevens followed the St. Pancras Station, London. The Church is a huge structure with a high square tower and deeply sunken window shelves, which is a souvenir of Dutch and German architecture (India Net Zone, n. . ). There has been a reciprocal impact of the Sub continental traditional architecture on that of the western world. During the late 19th century there was an adept feeling of orientalism in the western societies. Many of the renowned architects of that time felt the need to look at what the sub continent had to offer before working on a major project. It was also common for the young architects to travel to India in search of the mystique and oriental designs the region had to offer (Pochoy, 2002 ). The fascination for exotic styles was foremost ignited by the considerable display of the sub continental art at various international exhibitions around the world. The various artifacts from the sub continent were according to the famous philosopher considered to be of good designs from the people who are faithful to their art as they are faithful to their religion, habits and thoughts which inspired the former (Oshinsky, 2004). Today the structures like the Taj Mahal in India still startle the eyes of most western societies. The sculptures of such magnificent buildings along with others such as the huge exuberantly decorated vases can be seen in the western homes. There are also other influences between the dimensions of both the western and the sub continental cultures which can be classified as food habits, family structures and the use of foreign lingo. The sub continental cuisine has had huge in roads into the western culture. Europe in general and England in particular enjoys the sub continental oriental food through the enormous amount of restaurants easily located all over the region. The amount of sub continental restaurant in England has risen dramatically from only 500 in 1960 to an estimated 7 The influence of the western culture on the Sub continental culture and vice versa number of 9350 in 2007 (Facts, 2008). This phenomenal growth in the sub continental cuisine in the western society such as England provides strong signals of how the western taste is being influenced by the sub continental cuisine. On the other hand the British tradition of having evening tea has been picked up by the sub continental society. The subcontinent consumes an estimate of 900 million kilos of tea altogether which is around 30 percent of the world’s total tea production (Mandal, 2003) (Hasan, 2005) (Isphani, 2003). The family structure of the sub continents is also being vastly influenced by the Western culture. Traditionally it is a norm to have large families in the sub continent. However this culture is changing and the enforcement of the family planning schemes based on the western research are changing the family structure of the sub continent. The empowerment of the women has also influenced the traditionally subdued role of the women in the family. The traditional joint family system is slowly changing into a nuclear family system. The educated class and the new generation have certainly adopted a family structure compatible with the western culture. The influence of language usage from the west has been widely felt. English was the second most commonly reported language to be used, after the mother tongue in the sub continent according to a survey conducted by Annika Hohenthal who included all the top universities in the sub continent in his research (Hohenthal, 2003). 8 The influence of the western culture on the Sub continental culture and vice ersa Conclusion: People today are linked to each other today more than they ever were. The global forces have made the developing world countries to stay in close contact with the developed world. There is a meeting of the global cultures mainly because of the connection created through the television, music, sporting events, the same news, sitcoms, soap operas, theater, corporate foo d chains and the same glamorous lifestyle (Hong, 2000). This is the reason why the current era can be described as â€Å"The Era of Globalization of culture†. Western culture is the â€Å"machine culture† (Straggler, 2008). This is because as the historian Arnold Toynbee said that the mankind has made more progress in the 200 years since the industrial revolution than in the previous 10,000 years. This is the prime reason that the west with its â€Å"machines† is very attractive to the ever developing sub continent. To have a western influence on the sub continental culture is inevitable. To dress like a westerner is a part of being influenced by the â€Å"machine culture†. A villager in the rural areas of the sub continent dresses acts and thinks differently than a person in the urban town center. As the sub continent becomes more prosperous it would keep straying from its traditions, cultures and norms (Straggler, 2008). We should relish the sub continental culture and be prepared for radical changes in the same. On the other hand the western culture is influenced by the sub continental culture as it is something oriental and different from what they have. The aura of sensation and mystique found in the sub continental culture is appealing to the western society. With the â€Å"The Era of Globalization of culture† underway the influence of the sub continent culture on the western culture would also certainly take a steep flight. The influence of the western culture on the Sub continental culture and vice versa Bibliography Facts, F. . (2008, March 3). Facts, Figures Market Research. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from Facts, Figures Market Research: http://209. 85. 135. 104/search? q=cache:zzhZ6LCNLGgJ:www. menu2menu. com/indfact. html+total+number+of+Indian+restaurants+i n+londonhl=enct=clnkcd=1 Findley, C. V. , Rothney, J. A. (2006). Twentieth? century World. In C. V. Findley, J. A. Rothney, Twentieth? century World (p. 14). Harper, D.

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